Непряма мова в англійській мові: правила та практика

Indirect або Reported speech (непряма мова)  – це невід’ємна частина англійської граматики, яка використовується для передачі чужих слів, питань та думок. Передавати слова іншої особи не цитуючи їх дослівно. Це особливо корисно в повсякденних розмовах, академічному письмі, і при переказі історій чи анекдотів. У цій статті, ми розберемо основні правила використання непрямої мови та поділимося корисними прикладами . Також в кінці статті ви маєте можливість безкоштовно перевірити свої знання на практиці із 20 тестових запитань.

Основні правила непрямої мови в англійській мові

1. Зміна часу. Перш за все, необхідно змінити час (tense) головного дієслова. У непрямій мові, якщо головне дієслово у минулому часі, час дієслова у підрядній частині речення зазвичай зміниться на один рівень. Наприклад, пряма мова: “He says, ‘I eat apples'” стає непрямою мовою: “He said he ate apples”. Коли ви переводите пряму мову в непряму, зміна часу для дієслів залежить від контексту. Наприклад, “I am” стає “he/she/it was,” а “I will” – “he/she/it would”.
   • Дієслова змінюються в часі: “am” – “was,” “will” – “would,” “have” – “had.”
   • Якщо в оригінальному реченні використовується час Present Simple, в непрямій мові використовуйте Past Simple.

2. Зміна особових займенників. Особові займенники змінюються відповідно до суб’єкта чи об’єкта прямої мови. Наприклад: “She says to him, ‘I like your dress'” у непрямій мові буде “She tells him that she likes his dress”.

   • Особові займенники можуть змінювати  відповідно до ситуації. Наприклад, “I” стає “he/she/it,” “we” – “they.”

3. Зміна вказівних займенників і прислівників місця і часу. Коли ми використовуємо непряму мову, слова, які вказують на місцезнаходження або час, також потребують зміни. Наприклад, “this” перетвориться на “that”, “here” стане “there”, “today” зміниться на “that day”, і т.д.
   • Вказівні займенники та прислівники часу також можуть змінюватися: “now” – “then,” “today” – “that day.”
   • Вказівні займенники та прислівники місця можуть змінюватися: “here” – “there,” “this” – “that.”
4. Зміна запитань.  Загальні питання можуть приєднуватися за допомогою “if” або “whether,” а спеціальні питання залишають свою структуру, але без знаку питання.
   • Пряма мова: “Are you coming to the party?”
   • Непряма мова: She asked if I was coming to the party.
5. Дієслова-зв’язки (зміна).  Змінюйте дієслова-зв’язки відповідно до ситуації. Використовуйте інші дієслова-зв’язки, такі як “ask,” “inform,” “promise,” коли потрібно.
   • Пряма мова: “He said, ‘I can help.'”
   • Непряма мова: He offered to help.

Приклади із перетворенням прямої мови в непряму

1. Зміна часу та особи:
   • Пряма мова: “She said, ‘I will call you tomorrow.'”
   • Непряма мова: She said that she would call me tomorrow.
2. Зміна запитань:
   • Пряма мова: “Did he ask, ‘What time is it?'”
   • Непряма мова: He asked what time it was.
3. Зміна тверджень у питання:
   • Пряма мова: “He told me, ‘You are late.'”
   • Непряма мова: He asked me if I was late.
4. Зміна запитань на твердження:
   • Пряма мова: “Have they asked, ‘Can we come in?'”
   • Непряма мова: They asked if they could come in.
5. Зміна прохання:
   • Пряма мова: “She said, ‘Please help me.'”
   • Непряма мова: She asked me to help her.
6. Зміна часу та займенників:
   • Пряма мова: “They said, ‘We will finish the project tomorrow.'”
   • Непряма мова: They said that they would finish the project the next day.
7. Переведення питань у непряму мову:
   • Пряма мова: “John asked, ‘Are you coming to the party?'”
   • Непряма мова: John asked if I was coming to the party.
8. Зміна прямої мови на непряму:
   • Пряма мова: “She said, ‘I love this place.'”
   • Непряма мова: She said that she loved that place.

Практика – непряма мова в англійській мові – Тест

Ознайомившись із правилами, давайте перейдемо до практики. У повсякденній англійській, ми часто використовуємо непряму мову, коли переказуємо розмови чи інформацію третім особам.

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Indirect speech in English in practice - Test

Peter said, “Alice, are you busy now?”

Peter asked Alice ___ .

if she is busy

she would be busy

if she wasn’t busy then

she was busy

if she was busy then

“Don’t play in the street!”

My mother told me don’t play in the street.

She asked me to play in the street.

My mother said I should play in the street.

My mother said to play in the street.

My mother told me not to play in the street.

“Did you work at a factory 3 years ago?” she asked her friend.

She asked her friend if she ___ .

really worked at a factory 3 years before

work at a factory

worked at a factory for 3 years

worked at a factory 3 years ago

had worked at a factory 3 years before

Tom: “Don’t forget to bring my book, Ann”.

Tom asked Ann: ___ .

that she doesn’t bring his book

not to forget to bring his book

not to forget to bring her book

if she didn’t forget to bring the book

that she didn’t forget to bring his book

Dick to Lucy: Have you received my telegram ?

Dick asked if ___ .

Lucy would receive his telegram

Lucy received his telegram

Lucy has received his telegram

Lucy will receive his telegram

Lucy had received his telegram

The teacher promised ___ .

if we learn three English songs.

whether we would learn three English songs.

who will learn three English songs.

that we can learn three English songs.

we would learn three English songs.

He thought: “What am I going to do?”

He thought ___ .

it he was going to do

what is he going to do

what he was going to do

what he is going to do

what was he going to do

Ann: “Is your sister good at English?”

Ann asked me ___ .

her sister was good at English

whether my sister is good at English

that my sister is good at English

my sister is good at English

if my sister was good at English

Lena said, “Where have you been yesterday?”

Lena asked ___ .

where she had been yesterday

where she could be the day before

where she had been the day before

where she was the day before

where she hasn’t been before

Bill: “Have you seen any interesting comedy lately, Nancy?”

Bill asked Nancy ___ .

if she had seen any interesting comedy lately

if he will see an interesting film

what comedy Nancy saw lately

if he saw an interesting comedy lately

if she would see an interesting comedy

Jim and Julia have been in the restaurant for an hour and they have not been served yet. Julia is angry. “You said ___ a good place’’

it will be

it is

it can’t be

it has been

it was

Jack said: “I was at home yesterday.”

Jack said ___ .

he was at home

he will be at home

he had been at home a week ago

he had been at home the day before

Jack said he was at home the day before

My sister said: “I hope we shall go on an excursion to the lake”.

My sister said that ___ on an excursion to the lake”.

she hoped they would go

she hoped we can go

she didn’t hope that we shall go

she hoped we were going

she hopes we will go

Nick: “Did you see a bird in the tree?”

Nick wonders ___ in the tree.

if I had seen a bird

if I have seen a bird

if I saw a bird

that I saw a bird

whether I see a bird

Mother: “We are going to have supper”.

Mother says ___ .

they haven’t had supper yet

they won’t have supper

that they would have supper

they were going to have supper

they are going to have supper

“Do you go in for sports?”, he asked.

He asked ___ .

if I went in for sports

if I’ll go in for sports

he went in for sports

if I had gone in for sports

I should go in for sports

“Will Tom help me?” she said.

She asked ___ .

that Tom would be helping her

will Tom help her

whether he will help her

if Tom would help her

whether would he help her

Ann: Write down my address.

Ann asked me ___ .

to write down her address

she writes down her address

he had written her address

she wrote down his address

he wrote down my address

He said, “I’m very busy today.”

He said ___ .

he is very busy today

he was very busy that day

I had been very busy that day

he had been very busy that day

I’m very busy today

Mother asked me ___ .

if I will spend all the money

when I spend all the money

that I had spent all the money

if I had spent all the money

why I have spent all the money

Your score is

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Restart quiz

Вивчення непрямої мови важливо для спілкування англійською мовою на високому рівні. Застосовуючи ці правила та вправи в практиці, ви покращите свої навички і навчитесь ефективно виражати чужі слова та думки.