Дієслово to have
Дієслово to have – це неправильне дієслово, яке перекладається як «мати щось», «володіти чимось». Дане дієслово має три форми: have, had, had. Дієслово to have має граматичні форми теперішнього (Present Simple), минулого (Past Simple) та майбутнього часу (Future Simple), а також форму пасивного стану (Passive Voice). Розглянемо таблицю із найчастішим вживанням дієслова to have.
| Question | Positive Statement (spoken) | Negative Statement (spoken) |
Singular (Однина) | ||
| Do I have …? Have I got …? | I have (I’ve) | I have not (I haven’t/I’ve not) |
| Does he / she / it have…? Has he/she/it got …? | He/she/it has (He/she/it ‘s) | He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn’t) |
| Do you have …? Have you got …? | You have (You’ve) | You have not (You haven’t/You’ve not) |
| Did I / he / she / it have …? Had I / he / she / it / you got…? | I / He / She / It / You had (I’d / He’d / She’d / You’d) | I / He / She / It / You had not (I / He / She / It / You hadn’t) |
Plural (Множина) | ||
| Do we / you / they have …? Have we / you / they got …? | We / You / They have (We’ve / You’ve / They’ve) | We / You / They have not (We / You / They haven’t // We’ve nof / You’ve not They’ve not) |
| Do you have …? Have you got …? | You have (You’ve) | You have not (You haven’t/You’ve not) |
| Do they have …? Have they got …? | They have (They’ve) | They have not (They haven’t/They’ve not) |
| Did we / you / they have …? Had we / you / they got … ? | We / You / They had (We’d / You’d / They’d) | I / He / She / It / You had not (I / He / She / It / You hadn’t) |
Функції дієслова to have
Дієслово to have, в англійській мові, може вживатися в якості допоміжного, смислового і модального дієслова. Він також може використовуватися у виразах для позначення дії.
- to have як смислове дієслово – він виражає відносини володіння
- to have як допоміжне дієслово – використовується при утворенні часів групи Perfect і Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
- to have як еквівалент модального дієслова must – позначає необхідність, пораду чи рекомендацію. Вимушеність дії зумовленої якими-небудь обставинами, для цього використовується форма to have + інфінітив з часткою to
Стверджувальні форми основного дієслова to have
| Person | 1st / 2nd sing | 3rd sing | Plural |
| Tense | I / you | he, she, etc | we / you / they |
| Present | have | has | have |
| Preterit | had | ||
| Present perfect | have had | has had | have had |
| Past perfect | had had | ||
Заперечні форми основного дієслова to have
| Person | 1st / 2nd sing | 3rd sing | Plural |
| Tense | I / you | he, she, etc | we / you / they |
| Present | do not have / don’t have | does not have/ doesn’t have | don’t have |
| Preterit | did not have / didn’t have | ||
| Present perfect | haven’t had | hasn’t had | haven’t had |
| Past perfect | hadn’t had | ||
Форми минулого часу з have
| Sample verb “walk” | 1st sing | 2nd sing | 3rd sing | Plural |
| Present perfect | I have walked | you have walked | he / she… has walked | we / you / they have walked |
| Past perfect | I had walked | You had walked | He/ she … had walked | we / you / they had walked |
| Present perfect progressive | I have been walking | You have been walking | He / she… have been walking | we / you / they have been walking |
| Past perfect progressive | I had been walking | You had been walking | he / she … had been walking | We had been walking |
Приклади із використанням дієслова to have:
- I have read a lot of books – Я прочитав багато книжок
- I have many beautiful dresses – У мене багато гарних суконь
- Do you have a car? – У вас є автомобіль?