Узагальнення інформації англійською: поради та вправи

Розуміння того, як узагальнювати прочитаний текст, є важливою навичкою для освоєння англійської мови та покращення навичок письма. Узагальнення дозволяє виокремити основні моменти тексту, що спрощує запам’ятовування та передачу інформації. Ця навичка особливо корисна для студентів, професіоналів і всіх, хто прагне покращити володіння мовою. У цій статті розглянемо стратегії узагальнення  і надамо вправи для тренування цієї навички.

Що таке узагальнення?

Узагальнення (summary) – це короткий виклад основних моментів тексту, абзацу або статті. Воно передає суть оригінального змісту без зайвих деталей. Мета узагальнення – чітко і коротко представити основні ідеї.

Кроки для узагальнення абзацу

1. Уважно прочитайте текст (Read the Passage Carefully): Почніть з уважного читання абзацу, щоб зрозуміти його основну ідею та допоміжні деталі.
2. Визначте ключові моменти (Identify Key Points): Визначте найважливіші моменти, які автор намагається передати. Шукайте тематичні речення (topic sentences) та підсумкові твердження, що містять основну ідею.
3. Виключіть непотрібні деталі (Eliminate Unnecessary Details): Зосередьтеся на основній інформації та ігноруйте приклади, ілюстрації та несуттєві деталі.
4. Напишіть узагальнення (Write the Summary): Використовуючи власні слова, напишіть коротке узагальнення, що відображає основні моменти абзацу. Переконайтеся, що ваше узагальнення коротше за оригінальний текст.
5. Перевірте та відредагуйте (Review and Revise): Перевірте ваше узагальнення на точність і зрозумілість. Переконайтеся, що воно передає оригінальний зміст без перекручування думки автора.

Приклади вправ з поясненнями

Щоб допомогти вам практикувати узагальнення абзаців, ми підготували серію вправ. Ці вправи покликані перевірити вашу здатність визначати основну ідею та ефективно її узагальнювати. Нижче наведено кілька прикладів абзаців разом з поясненнями та правильним варіантом узагальнення.

Приклад 1: Роль реклами в газетах

Абзац (Passage): “However much we may complain about the number of advertisements there are in a newspaper, the fact remains that without advertisements there would be no newspapers. It’s the advertisements that finance the newspapers and make it possible for us to buy them cheaply.”

Пояснення (Explanation): Абзац обговорює важливу роль реклами у фінансуванні газет, незважаючи на загальні скарги на їхню кількість.

Правильне узагальнення (Correct Summary): “Advertisements are essential to newspapers; without them, they could not be produced economically.” (Реклама є необхідною для газет; без неї вони не могли б бути економічно вироблені.)

Приклад 2: Перше враження про братів

Абзац (Passage): “Brian and Gordon are brothers. People meeting them for the first time usually think Gordon is much the nicest. He’s good looking, he’s friendly and talks well. Later, they begin to notice he is rather spoilt. Then, they realize what a good person Brian is.”

Пояснення (Explanation): Абзац пояснює, як перше враження про двох братів змінюється з часом, виявляючи, що Браян є кращою людиною.

Правильне узагальнення (Correct Summary): “Gordon makes a good first impression, but his brother Brian is a much better person.” (Гордон справляє гарне перше враження, але його брат Браян є набагато кращою людиною.)

Приклад 3: Допитливість дітей

Абзац (Passage): “The average child is exceedingly curious. He investigates everything within reach; from electric plugs to piles of earth. His favorite word is ‘why’. The adult finds this period exhausting but he should not try to check the activities, unless they are dangerous, as the child is establishing the habit of learning.”

Пояснення (Explanation): Абзац наголошує на важливості заохочення допитливості дітей, оскільки це допомагає їм розвивати звичку вчитися.

Правильне узагальнення (Correct Summary): “Curiosity in children should be encouraged as it creates a learning habit.” (Допитливість у дітей слід заохочувати, оскільки вона формує звичку вчитися.)

Приклад 4: Враження Джанет від концерту

Абзац (Passage): “Janet was very enthusiastic about the concert. She praised the pianist, the singer, and the choice of program; but it was the violin concerto that she praised most of all.”

Пояснення (Explanation): Абзац підкреслює ентузіазм Джанет щодо концерту, особливо її високу оцінку скрипкового концерту.

Правильне узагальнення (Correct Summary): “Jane thought the concert was wonderful, especially the violin concerto.” (Джейн вважала, що концерт був чудовим, особливо скрипковий концерт.)

Вправа на тренування узагальнення інформації англійською мовою 

Тепер, коли ви ознайомилися з прикладами та поясненнями, настав час попрактикувати узагальнення самостійно. Спробуйте вибрати речення, яке найкраще узагальнює наведений абзац.

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Paragraph summarizing (quiz, test)

People who have never been in an aero plane usually think that flying must be fun. Perhaps it is, the first time you fly. But few people who have flown a lot really enjoy flying. Most of the time you are in the air, there is nothing to see but clouds, and waiting around in an airport is the most boring experience.

A lot of people won't fly because they think it is dangerous.

Airports are very boring places.

Traveling by air is one of the least popular ways of traveling.

Flying is not as interesting as people who haven't flown think.

Everybody likes flying, and shopping at airports is great fun.

Susan arrived at the library a few minutes before 12 o'clock. Jane had her coat on and was, waiting for her friend on the steps of the library. So they left together, crossed the street and went to their favorite restaurant.

Jane was surprised to see Susan at the library and invited her to lunch.

Susan and Jane met at the library as arranged and then had lunch together.

Susan and Jane both work in the same library and always have lunch together.

Jane put on her coat while she was waiting for her friend.

Jane and Susan have lunch together once a week.

Everyone I've talked to recently admits that Mr. Burton was not a very good manager. Now that Mr. Carr is in charge of the company, most people are expecting things to improve; he really is a natural leader, and liked and respected by everyone.

Mr. Carr may be a good manager but nobody wanted Mr. Burton to leave.

Mr. Burton was not popular, but under his management everything ran smoothly.

Most people think Mr. Carr will introduce few changes.

Mr. Carr didn't like the way Mr. Burton managed the company.

It is generally agreed that Mr. Carr will manage the company much better than Mr. Burton did.

Leroy walked slowly round the exhibition, looking at the pictures. None of them seemed very interesting. He felt very disappointed. Then suddenly he saw the portrait of an old man. He stopped in front of it, and looked at it for a long time. It was a wonderful portrait.

Leroy was delighted with the exhibition, especially with some of the portraits.

Leroy is very interested in paintings, especially in portraits of old people.

Except for one portrait, Leroy thought the exhibition was very poor.

At the exhibition Leroy was disappointed to find that almost all the portraits were of old people.

While looking at the pictures at the exhibition, Leroy met an interesting old man.

The average child is exceedingly curious. He investigates everything within reach; from electric plugs to piles of earth. His favorite word is "why". The adult finds this period exhausting but he should not try to check the activities, unless they are dangerous, as the child is establishing the habit of learning.

His curiosity leads a child to investigate a lot of unimportant things.

Children who lack curiosity will not grow up any different from those who are extremely curious.

Children are often extremely curious but this is an unimportant stage and ends soon.

Curiosity in children should not be encouraged as it is responsible for very many accidents.

Curiosity in children should be encouraged as it creates a learning habit.

However much we may complain about the number of advertisements there are in a newspaper, the fact remains that without advertisements there would be no newspapers. It's the advertisements that finance the newspapers and make it possible for us to buy them cheaply.

It is generally agreed that it is profitable for large companies to advertise regularly in the newspapers.

Newspapers print so many advertisements that there is not much space left for the real news.

Advertisements are essential to newspapers, without them they could not be produced economically.

The larger the circulation of a newspaper is, the greater is its need for good advertisements.

Nowadays all newspapers spend a great deal of money on advertising.

Paul is pleased that his company is sending him to the new factory near Houston. The pay will be better and the work more interesting. Also, several of his friends live there and he likes the climate.

It is not easy to find interesting, well-paid work in Houston.

Paul is happy to be going to Houston for various reasons.

Paul is looking forward to making new friends in Houston.

Paul's company has many reasons for opening a new factory in Houston.

Paul has never had such a good job as his present one in Houston.

John is only 16 years old. Everyone else on the team is either 17 or 18. Even so, he's a much valued member of the team. In fact, some people think he's the best player the team has. 

The 17 and 18 year olds on the team are not valued enough.

John is one of the best players the team has had for 17 or 18 years.

John joined the team when he was 16 but most people are at least 17 years old.

When John is 17 or 1 8 he will probably be the best player on the team.

John is the youngest member of the team and also one of the best players.

I don't know any French myself, and so I don't know whether Jane's French is good or not. But I do know that she has spent the last two years in France. She was in Paris for 18 months and the remaining 6 months she spent at various places along the south coast. So she should know French well.

Jane thoroughly enjoyed the two years she spent in France, but I don't think her French is better than mine.

Jane's French ought to be good as she has recently spent two years in France.

If I had spent two years in France like Jane, I would have learned French well.

Jane's French is now very good indeed.

Jane has spent two whole years in France, partly in Paris, partly on the south coast.

During recent years, there has been a great increase in population. As a result of this, many countries are facing serious difficulties. These include food shortages, housing problems, unemployment, pollution and similar social and economic difficulties. 

The increase in population has been to the benefit of some countries.

Rich countries should help poor countries.

The rapid growth in population has caused very many problems.

Some countries have more social and economic problems than others.

Economic problems are not related to the increase in population.

Janet was very enthusiastic about the concert. She praised the pianist, the singer and the choice of program; but it was the violin concerto that she praised most of all.

Not much of Jane's favorite music was included in the program.

The piano is Jane's favorite instrument, although she is fond of violin concertos.

Jane thought the concert was wonderful and especially the violin concerto.

Janet went to the concert because she wanted to hear the violin concerto.

Except for the violin concerto, Jane didn't really enjoy the concert.

Patrick didn't even ask his father if he could go to Barcelona for the weekend with Erick. He knew it would cost too much. But he didn't want to mention it to Erick. So, next day, he said simply "Father won't let me."

Patrick's father didn't want Patrick to go to Barcelona with Erick.

Erick asked his father if he could take Patrick to Barcelona for the weekend.

Patrick didn't want Erick to know that he was going to spend the weekend in Barcelona.

Patrick didn't want Erick to know that he couldn't afford to go to Barcelona for the weekend.

Patrick went to Barcelona for the weekend without asking his father if he could.

Brian and Gordon are brothers. People meeting them for the first time usually think Gordon is much the nicest. He's good looking, he's friendly and talks well. Later, they begin to notice he is rather spoilt. Then, they realize what a good person Brian is.

Brian and Gordon are very different from each other; it is hard to believe they are brothers.

Brian has clearly spoiled his brother Gordon.

Gordon makes a good first impression but his brother is a much better person.

I have always preferred Brian to his brother Gordon.

Gordon and his brother are both very attractive people.

Most people don't realize that Paul and Mark are brothers. Paul is tall and fair, and interested in all types of sport. Mark, who is short and dark haired, is studying Math at the university. Math is his only hobby too.

Paul and Mark are brothers but they disagree on various matters.

Though brothers, Paul and Mark are very different in appearance and in interests.

Paul wishes his brother were a better sportsman.

Brothers don't often have much in common.

Paul isn't nearly as clever as his brother Mark.

Whenever I need something, the first place I go to is Dawson's store. There they sell just about everything. You can buy clothes there, things for the house and for the garden, and also sports equipment; They stock a wide variety of goods. Everything is a good quality, and prices are reasonable.

Dawson's is famous for its goods but prices are high.

Most people can't afford to go to Dawson's.

In my opinion, Dawson's is an excellent store and not too expensive.

You can't find everything you need in Dawson's.

The rich and the famous all shop at Dawson's.

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