The Conjunctions
Conjunction — it is a functional part of speech that connects parts of a complex sentence, separate sentences and words in a simple sentence. The peculiarity of conjunctions is that they do not depend on any grammatical characteristics of the words they connect. Conjunctions themselves do not change and have no grammatical categories. Conjunctions are divided into:
- Coordinating Conjunctions – these are conjunctions that combine two or more contiguous sentences into one or homogeneous sentence members.
- Subordinating Conjunctions – these are conjunctions used to combine subordinate clauses with the main clause.
Classification of conjunctions by structure | ||
| Simple | They consist of one morpheme | and, but, or, that, if, so, though |
| Complicated | They consist of two conjunctions or have a suffix -ever | however, therefore, nevertheless |
| Derivative | They consist of a root and a suffix and/or prefix | unless, because |
| Folded | Such conjunctions include different parts of speech and consist of two or more words | as if, as though, so that, as soon as, in order that, both … and |
Classification of conjunctions by meaning | |
| Copulative | and; as well as; both … and; neither … nor; not only … but also. |
| Disjunctive | or; either … or |
| Adversative | but; still; yet; nevertheless |
| Of reason | for |
| Of result or consequence | so, thus, therefore |
List of conjunctions
| Conjunctions (en) | Сполучники (УКР) |
|---|---|
| A minute later | Через хвилину |
| Accordingly | Відповідно |
| Actually | Насправді |
| After | Після |
| After a short time | Через короткий час |
| Afterward | Після цього |
| Afterwards | Після цього |
| Also | Також |
| Although | Хоча |
| And | І |
| Another | інший |
| As | як |
| As a consequence | Як наслідок |
| As a result | Як результат |
| As an example | Як приклад |
| As far as | Наскільки |
| As if | Ніби |
| As long as | Так довго, як |
| As much as | Стільки ж, скільки |
| As soon as | Як тільки |
| As though | Нібито |
| At last | Нарешті |
| At lenght | Довго |
| At length | Довго |
| Because | Оскільки |
| Because of this | Через це |
| Before | Раніше |
| Besides | Крім того |
| Briefly | коротко |
| But | але |
| By the time | До часу |
| Consequently | Отже |
| Conversely | І навпаки |
| Equally important | Однаково важливо |
| Even | Навіть |
| Even if | Навіть якщо |
| Even though | Незважаючи на |
| Finally | Нарешті |
| First | Спочатку |
| For example | Наприклад |
| For instance | Наприклад |
| For this purpose | Для цієї мети |
| For this reason | З цієї причини |
| Fourth | Четверте |
| From here on | З цього моменту |
| Further | Далі |
| Furthermore | Крім того |
| Gradually | Поступово |
| Hence | Отже |
| How | як |
| However | Проте |
| If | Якщо |
| If only | Якщо тільки |
| If then | Якщо тоді |
| If when | Якщо коли |
| In addition | На додачу |
| In as much as | Через те, що |
| In case | У випадку |
| In conclusion | На закінчення |
| In contrast | У контрасті |
| In fact | Насправді |
| In order that | Для того щоб |
| In order to | Щоб |
| In short | Коротко |
| In spite of | Попри |
| In spite of this | Незважаючи на це |
| In summary | Підсумовуючи |
| In the end | Наприкінці |
| In the meantime | Тим часом |
| In the meanwhile | В цей час |
| In the same manner | Таким же чином |
| In the same way | Таким же чином |
| Inasmuch | оскільки |
| Just as | Так як |
| Just as important | Так само важливо |
| Last | Останній |
| Last of all | Останній з усіх |
| Lastly | Нарешті |
| Later | Пізніше |
| Least | Найменше |
| Lest | щоб не |
| Meanwhile | Тим часом |
| Moreover | Крім того |
| Nevertheless | Тим не менш |
| Next | Далі |
| Nonetheless | Тим не менш |
| Nor | ні |
| Now | Зараз |
| Now since | Тепер, оскільки |
| Now that | Тепер це |
| Now when | Тепер коли |
| Of equal importance | Такого ж значення |
| On the contrary | Навпаки |
| On the following day | На наступний день |
| On the other hand | З іншої сторони |
| Or | Або |
| Or not | Чи ні |
| Other hand | З іншого боку |
| Presently | в даний час |
| Provide that | Забезпечте це |
| Provided | За умови |
| Second | друге |
| Similarly | Так само |
| Since | Оскільки |
| So | Тому |
| So that | Так що |
| Soon | скоро |
| Still | досі |
| Subsequently | Згодом |
| Such as | Як от |
| Supposing | Припустимо |
| Than | ніж |
| The next week | Наступного тижня |
| Then | Потім |
| Thereafter | Після цього |
| Therefore | тому |
| Third | По-третє |
| Though | Хоча |
| Thus | Таким чином |
| Till | до |
| To be specific | Якщо бути конкретним |
| To begin with | По-перше |
| To illustrate | Проілюструвати |
| To repeat | Повторити |
| To sum up | Підсумовуючи |
| Too | теж |
| Ultimately | Зрештою |
| Unless | Хіба що |
| Until | Поки |
| What | Що |
| Whatever | Що завгодно |
| When | Коли |
| Whenever | Будь-коли |
| Where | Де |
| Where if | Де якщо |
| Whereas | Тоді як |
| Wherever | Куди завгодно |
| Whether | чи |
| While | Поки |
| Whoever | Хто завгодно |
| Whomever | Хто завгодно |
| Whose | Чия |
| Why | чому |
| With this in mind | Маючи це на увазі |
| Yet | ще |
References
- Caplan, N. (2012). Grammar choices for graduate and professional writers. University of Michigan Press
- Чіміріс Ю.В. Довідник у таблицях. Англійська мова. 7 – 11 класи. 2018. – 32 ст.