The difference between the infinitive and the base form of the verb in English

In English grammar, the infinitive and base form of a verb are essential concepts to grasp in order to construct sentences accurately. Understanding the distinction between these forms can greatly improve your language skills and help you communicate more effectively. Let’s delve into the differences and usage of infinitive and base form verbs.

Infinitive and Base Form: What’s the Difference?

The infinitive of a verb is the base form of a verb preceded by the word “to”. For example, “to walk”, “to eat”, or “to sleep” are all infinitive forms of verbs. They are often used after some verbs, adjectives or nouns. For example, “want to go”, “happy to help”, or “need to succeed”.

The base form of the verb, also known as the bare infinitive (“bare infinitive” or “base form”), is the simplest form of the verb without “to”. For example, “I walk”, “She eats”, “They sleep” – here “walk”, “eat” and “sleep” have their basic form.

The main difference is in usage, in some conditions we have to use the infinitive with ‘to’, while in others we have to use the base form. For example, after modal verbs such as can, could, may, might, will, must, we use the infinitive without ‘to’.

Basic form of verbs

The base form of a verb is its most fundamental state, typically found in dictionaries. This form serves as the cornerstone from which all other parts of a regular verb are constructed. For instance, “work” is the base form, and from it, we derive “works,” “working,” and “worked.”

Understanding when to use the base form is crucial for effective communication. It remains unchanged for the first and second persons singular and all plural forms in the present simple tense, excluding the verb “to be.” Moreover, it is the go-to form for the bare infinitive (following modal verbs), the imperative mood, and, for those who employ it, all persons of the present subjunctive.

When to Choose the Base Form

1. As the Main Verb:
   • Use the base form as the primary verb in a sentence.
   • Example: She runs every morning.
2. After Modal Verbs:
   • Modal verbs are followed by the base form of the main verb.
   • Example: He can swim.
3. After some verbs:
   • After the verbs “let,” “make,” “help,” “watch” in certain constructions
   • Example: She makes me laugh.

The Infinitive

The ‘to-infinitive’ is a form consisting of the particle ‘to’ and the bare infinitive. It has various uses, such as ‘I want to work’, ‘It is pleasant to work’, or ‘To work for a top accounting firm is the dream of many young accountants.'”

When to Opt for the Infinitive

1. After Certain Verbs:
   • Infinitives follow specific verbs.
   • Example: I want to learn.
2. After Adjectives:
   • Infinitives can follow adjectives to express reason or purpose.
   • Example: It’s important to be honest.
3. After Nouns:
   • Infinitives can function as nouns in a sentence.
   • Example: Her goal is to succeed.

Tricky Cases and Exceptions

1. Bare Infinitive:
   • In some instances, verbs are used without “to” as the infinitive.
   • Example: Let me go.
2. Split Infinitives:
   • Though traditionally avoided, split infinitives involve placing an adverb between “to” and the base form.
   • Example: She decided to boldly face the challenge.

What is a zero infinitive?

The zero infinitive, also known as the “bare infinitive” or “base form,” is an infinitive variation of a verb that does not include “to” before the verb’s base form. This form is frequently used after modal verbs such as “can,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “will,” “would,” “shall,” “should,” and “must.”

For example, in the sentence “She can speak French,” “speak” is the zero infinitive form of the verb “to speak.”

Additionally, this form is employed after certain verbs, including “let,” “make,” “help,” “watch,” “hear,” “feel,” and others:

• Let her go.
• Make him understand.
• Help them clean.
• I watched her dance.
• I heard you sing.

In conclusion, mastering the usage of infinitive and base form verbs is crucial for constructing grammatically sound sentences in English. By understanding the contexts in which each form is employed, you can enhance your ability to express yourself fluently and accurately. Remember, practice is key to internalizing these concepts, so take every opportunity to apply them in your language learning journey.