Master the difference between AT and BY prepositions in English with clear examples, practice exercises, and expert tips. Perfect for English learners at all levels.

Quick Answer: AT vs BY in 30 Seconds ⚡

AT = Specific point in time

• “The meeting starts at 9 AM”
• “I’ll call you at lunch”

BY = Deadline (no later than)

• “Finish your homework by Friday”
• “Be home by midnight”

Ultimate Test: 15 Questions on AT vs BY 📝

Instructions: Choose the correct preposition (AT or BY) for each sentence. Check your answers at the end!

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Understanding AT: The Precise Time Preposition

When to Use AT

AT is your go-to preposition for exact times and specific moments. Think of it as a spotlight pointing to one precise moment on the timeline.

1. Clock Times (Hours and Minutes)

• At 7 a.m. ✅
• At sunrise ✅
• At noon ✅
• At sunset ✅
• At midnight ✅
• At 5 o’clock ✅
• At 14:09 ✅

2. Specific Times of Day

• At night ✅ (Note: We say “at night” but “in the morning/afternoon/evening”)
• At breakfast ✅
• At lunchtime ✅
• At dinnertime ✅
• At bedtime ✅

3. Special Moments and Occasions

• At Christmas ✅ (referring to the holiday period)
• At New Year ✅
• At the moment ✅
• At present ✅
• At the same time ✅
• At the weekend ✅ (British English)
• At a young age ✅

4. Beginning and End Points

• At first ✅
• At that time ✅
• At every hour ✅

Common AT Mistakes to Avoid ❌

• In the moment → At the moment ✅
• On Christmas → At Christmas ✅ (for the holiday period)
• At morning → In the morning ✅
• At Monday → On Monday ✅

Understanding BY: The Deadline Preposition

When to Use BY

BY means “no later than” or “before or at that time”. It sets a clear deadline or time limit.

1. Deadlines with Times

• By 5 p.m. ✅
• By 7 o’clock ✅
• By noon ✅
• By midnight ✅
• By evening ✅
• By lunchtime ✅

2. Deadlines with Days

• By Monday ✅
• By tomorrow ✅
• By next week ✅
• By Sunday night ✅
• By Friday morning ✅
• By the weekend ✅

3. Deadlines with Dates and Months

• By 2025 ✅
• By the end of the month ✅
• By the first of January ✅
• By the end of the day ✅

4. Process Completion

• By the time you wake up ✅
• By the time he arrives ✅
• By the deadline ✅
• By now ✅

Key Point About BY 🎯

BY always implies that something can happen earlier than the stated time. If you say “Submit your report by Friday,” it means Friday is the LATEST acceptable time, but Tuesday or Wednesday would be even better!

AT vs BY: Side-by-Side Comparison

Memory Tricks to Never Forget! 🧠

For AT:

“AT = Accurate Time”

• Think of AT as an arrow pointing to an exact spot on a clock

For BY:

“BY = Before Yikes!”

• Think of BY as a warning: “Do it before it’s too late!”

Visual Memory Aid:

• AT = 📍 (exact pinpoint location in time)
• BY = ⏰ (alarm clock warning of deadline)

Common Real-Life Situations

Work and Business

• “The conference call starts at 10 AM sharp”
• “Please submit your timesheet by Friday”
• “I’ll be in the office at 8:30″
• “All reports must be ready by the end of the month”

School and Education

• “Class begins at 9:15″
• “Homework is due by Tuesday”
• “The exam starts at noon”
• “Registration closes by September 1st”

Daily Life

• “Dinner is at 6 PM”
• “Be home by midnight”
• “The movie starts at 7:30″
• “Return the car by Monday morning”

Advanced Usage: Tricky Situations

Christmas Example

• “At Christmas, we visit family” (during the holiday period)
• “On Christmas Day, we exchange gifts” (specific day)
• “By Christmas, all shopping should be done” (deadline)

Weekend Variations

• British English: “At the weekend” (during the weekend)
• American English: “On the weekend” (during the weekend)
• Both varieties: “By the weekend” (deadline)

Night vs Evening

• “At night” ✅ (correct)
• “In the evening” ✅ (correct)
• “In the night” (incorrect for general time)

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Choose AT or BY:

1. The train arrives _____ 3:30 PM.
2. Please finish your work _____ Friday.
3. I always feel tired _____ night.
4. Submit your application _____ the deadline.
5. The meeting starts _____ noon.
6. Be ready _____ 8 AM tomorrow.
7. We celebrate _____ New Year.
8. Send the email _____ end of day.

Exercise 2: Error Correction

Fix these common mistakes:

1. I’ll call you in the moment. → _____
2. Finish this on Friday. (meaning: no later than) → _____
3. The party starts by 8 PM. (meaning: exactly) → _____
4. We always travel in Christmas. → _____

Exercise 3: Real-Life Scenarios

Complete with AT or BY:

1. “Doctor’s appointment is _____ 2:15 PM”
2. “Please arrive _____ 15 minutes before your appointment”
3. “Pharmacy closes _____ 6 PM” (deadline for getting medicine)
4. “Take your medication _____ bedtime”

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

1. at (specific time)
2. by (deadline)
3. at (specific time period)
4. by (deadline)
5. at (specific time)
6. by (deadline)
7. at (holiday period)
8. by (deadline)

Exercise 2:

1. I’ll call you at the moment.
2. Finish this by Friday.
3. The party starts at 8 PM.
4. We always travel at Christmas.

Exercise 3:

1. at (specific appointment time)
2. by (deadline for arrival)
3. by (deadline)
4. at (specific time)

Pro Tips for Mastery 🌟

1. Listen for context: If someone sounds urgent or mentions consequences, they probably mean BY (deadline)
2. Clock test: If you can point to an exact time on a clock face, use AT
3. Flexibility test: If there’s flexibility in timing (earlier is better), use BY
4. Learn phrases as chunks: Memorize “at the moment,” “by the end,” “at Christmas” as complete units
5. Practice daily: Use both prepositions in your daily English conversations

Regional Differences: British vs American English

Note: Both AT and BY usage for deadlines and specific times remains the same across all English varieties.

Quick Reference Card 📋

Use AT for:

• Clock times (at 3 PM)
• Mealtimes (at lunch)
• Specific moments (at sunrise)
• Holiday periods (at Christmas)

Use BY for:

• Deadlines (by Friday)
• “No later than” situations (by 5 PM)
• Time limits (by the end of the month)
• Completion points (by now)

Red Flags:

• Never say “at Monday” → use “on Monday”
• Never say “by 3 PM” when you mean exactly 3 PM → use “at 3 PM”
• Remember: “at night” but “in the morning”

Final Test: Are You Ready? 🎯

Can you explain the difference between these sentences?

1. “Meet me at 6 PM” vs “Meet me by 6 PM”
2. “Call at lunch” vs “Call by lunch”
3. “At Christmas” vs “By Christmas”

If you understand that the first option in each pair means an exact time and the second means a deadline, congratulations! You’ve mastered AT vs BY! 🎉

Master English prepositions with confidence! Bookmark this guide and practice daily for perfect grammar.

Test your vocabulary knowledge and ability to identify logical connections between words

Mastering English vocabulary isn’t just about memorizing individual words—it’s about understanding how words relate to each other and recognizing their categories. Our test will help you check and improve your ability to classify words and find logical connections between them. These skills are essential for expanding your vocabulary and achieving fluency in English communication.

Take the test and assess your English vocabulary knowledge!

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Theory: Word Groups in English

🔍 Why is understanding word groups important?

Grouping words by categories is one of the most effective strategies for memorizing new vocabulary. When you learn words in groups, your brain creates stronger associative connections, making it easier to both remember and recall words during conversation.

📚 Main word groups in the test with examples and pronunciation:

1. Aquatic Animals 🐠

• shark [ʃɑːrk] – “The shark is a dangerous predator in the ocean.”
• carp [kɑːrp] – “The carp is a freshwater fish popular in Asian cuisine.”
• catfish [ˈkætfɪʃ] – “The catfish has long whiskers that look like a cat’s.”
• trout [traʊt] – “We caught fresh trout in the mountain stream.”
• herring [ˈherɪŋ] – “Herring is often served pickled in European countries.”
• salamander [ˈsæləmændər] – “The salamander can regenerate its tail if it loses it.”

2. Musical Instruments 🎹

• piano [piˈænəʊ] – “She plays the piano beautifully.”
• organ [ˈɔːrɡən] – “The organ music filled the entire cathedral.”
• bagpipe [ˈbæɡpaɪp] – “The bagpipe is a traditional Scottish instrument.”
• violin [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] – “Learning to play the violin takes years of practice.”
• kettledrum [ˈketəldrʌm] – “The kettledrum creates a deep, resonant sound in the orchestra.”

3. Bodies of Water 🌊

• sea [siː] – “We swam in the sea during our vacation.”
• ocean [ˈəʊʃən] – “The Atlantic ocean separates North America from Europe.”
• river [ˈrɪvər] – “The Thames river flows through London.”
• lake [leɪk] – “We rented a boat on the lake.”
• pond [pɒnd] – “There are frogs living in the small pond in our garden.”

4. Furniture 🪑

• arm-chair [ˈɑːrmtʃeər] – “My grandfather always sits in his favorite arm-chair to read.”
• coffee-table [ˈkɒfiˌteɪbəl] – “She put the magazines on the coffee-table.”
• settee [seˈtiː] – “The settee in our living room is very comfortable.”
• scatter-cushion [ˈskætər ˈkʊʃən] – “She has many scatter-cushions on her bed.”
• wall-unit [wɔːl ˈjuːnɪt] – “We keep our books and photographs in the wall-unit.”

5. Trees 🌳

• oak [əʊk] – “The oak tree in our yard is over 100 years old.”
• silver-birch [ˈsɪlvər bɜːrtʃ] – “The silver-birch has distinctive white bark.”
• poplar [ˈpɒplər] – “Poplar trees grow very quickly.”
• willow [ˈwɪləʊ] – “The willow tree bends over the stream.”
• ash [æʃ] – “The ash tree produces distinctive winged seeds.”

6. Parts of a Tree 🌱

• tree [triː] – “There is a tall tree in front of our house.”
• trunk [trʌŋk] – “The trunk of this oak tree is very thick.”
• root [ruːt] – “The roots of the plant need water.”
• leaf [liːf] – “In autumn, the leaves change color.”
• branch [brɑːntʃ] – “The birds are sitting on the branch.”

7. Food Items 🍞

• bread [bred] – “Fresh bread smells wonderful.”
• butter [ˈbʌtər] – “I spread butter on my toast.”
• sugar [ˈʃʊɡər] – “Would you like sugar in your tea?”
• cream [kriːm] – “She added cream to her coffee.”
• cheese [tʃiːz] – “French cheese is famous worldwide.”

8. Clothing and Accessories 👒

• hat [hæt] – “She wore a stylish hat to the wedding.”
• cap [kæp] – “He wore a baseball cap to protect himself from the sun.”
• scarf [skɑːrf] – “I need a warm scarf for winter.”
• shirt [ʃɜːrt] – “He bought a new shirt for the interview.”
• trousers [ˈtraʊzərz] – “These trousers are too long for me.”

9. Speech Verbs 🗣️

• speak [spiːk] – “She can speak three languages fluently.”
• talk [tɔːk] – “Let’s talk about our plans for tomorrow.”
• tell [tel] – “Please tell me what happened.”
• say [seɪ] – “He didn’t say anything about the meeting.”
• utter [ˈʌtər] – “She was too shocked to utter a word.”

10. School Personnel 🏫

• teacher [ˈtiːtʃər] – “Our English teacher is very kind.”
• headmaster [ˌhedˈmæstər] – “The headmaster gave a speech at the assembly.”
• form mistress [fɔːrm ˈmɪstrəs] – “The form mistress organized a class trip.”
• principal [ˈprɪnsəpəl] – “The principal of our school is retiring next year.”
• pupil [ˈpjuːpəl] – “The pupils are working hard for their exams.”

Strategies for Identifying Word Categories

✅ Analyzing Common Features

To identify a category, look for common characteristics between words:

Example:

• “Oak, silver-birch, poplar, willow…” – all of these words denote types of trees.
• “Sea, ocean, river, lake…” – all of these words denote bodies of water.

✅ The Process of Elimination

Check each answer option to determine if it belongs to the same category:

Example:

• Category: “Musical Instruments” (piano, organ, bagpipe, violin)
• Options: A) kettle, B) kettledrum, C) violet, D) pinochle, E) organic
• Analysis: Only “kettledrum” is a musical instrument; the other options do not belong to this category.

✅ Using Associations

Create associative connections between words for better memorization of categories:

Example:

• To remember words in the “Furniture” category, imagine a room with an arm-chair, coffee-table, settee, and scatter-cushion.

Grammatical Aspects of English Nouns

🔤 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns (can be counted):

• book [bʊk] → books
• apple [ˈæpəl] → apples
• chair [tʃeər] → chairs

Uncountable nouns (cannot be counted):

• water [ˈwɔːtər] – “There’s not enough water in the bottle.”
• butter [ˈbʌtər] – “Could you pass the butter, please?”
• furniture [ˈfɜːrnɪtʃər] – “We need new furniture for our apartment.”

🔤 Peculiarities of Plural Forms

Regular plural form (adding -s/-es):

• cat [kæt] → cats [kæts]
• box [bɒks] → boxes [ˈbɒksɪz]

Exceptions:

• child [tʃaɪld] → children [ˈtʃɪldrən]
• man [mæn] → men [men]
• woman [ˈwʊmən] → women [ˈwɪmɪn]
• foot [fʊt] → feet [fiːt]
• tooth [tuːθ] → teeth [tiːθ]

🔤 Compound Nouns

Hyphenated:

• coffee-table [ˈkɒfiˌteɪbəl]
• arm-chair [ˈɑːrmtʃeər]
• silver-birch [ˈsɪlvər bɜːrtʃ]

Single word:

• headmaster [ˌhedˈmæstər]
• kettledrum [ˈketəldrʌm]

Separate words:

• form mistress [fɔːrm ˈmɪstrəs]
• wall unit [wɔːl ˈjuːnɪt]

Additional Exercises for Practice

Exercise 1: Identify the Category

Find the common category for the following words:

• dog, cat, rabbit, hamster, parrot

Answer: Pets

Exercise 2: Find the Odd One Out

Identify the odd word in the “Vehicles” category:

• car [kɑːr]
• bus [bʌs]
• building [ˈbɪldɪŋ] – odd one out, as it’s not a vehicle
• train [treɪn]
• bicycle [ˈbaɪsɪkəl]

Exercise 3: Complete the Category

Complete the “Vegetables” category with another word:

• carrot [ˈkærət]
• potato [pəˈteɪtəʊ]
• cucumber [ˈkjuːkʌmbər]
• tomato [təˈmeɪtəʊ]
• ?

Possible answers:

• onion [ˈʌnjən]
• pepper [ˈpepər]
• broccoli [ˈbrɒkəli]

How to Effectively Expand Your Vocabulary?

📝 Practical Tips

1. Create your own word categories – group new words by themes that interest you and are useful in your daily life.
2. Use flashcards for memorization – write the English word with transcription on one side, and an example of usage on the other.
3. Practice regularly – dedicate 10-15 minutes daily to reviewing learned words and adding new ones.
4. Contextual learning – memorize words not in isolation, but in the context of sentences or short stories.
5. Use associations – connect new words with those you already know or with visual images.

💡 Interesting Facts About English Vocabulary

• The average native English speaker actively uses about 20,000-35,000 words.
• Many English words are borrowed from other languages: French, Latin, German, Greek, and many others.
• The English language is constantly enriched with new words – about 1,000 new words are added every year.
• The longest word in English found in major dictionaries is “pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis” (a lung disease caused by inhaling very fine silica dust).

Conclusion

The ability to recognize and group words by categories is an important aspect of learning English. It helps not only to expand your vocabulary but also to better understand the logical connections between words, which significantly improves communication skills.

Practice identifying categories regularly, and you’ll notice how your knowledge of English becomes deeper and more structured. Take our test to assess your current level, and use the suggested strategies for further improvement!

Good luck with your English language learning! 🌟

This material was specially prepared for English language learning and vocabulary expansion. Regular practice with similar tests and exercises will help you achieve a high level of language proficiency.

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Understanding Family Relationships and Descriptive Words

Learning family terminology and adjectives is a fundamental aspect of mastering English. These vocabulary categories will help you correctly identify family relationships and describe the appearance, character, and qualities of your relatives in English conversations.

🌳 Essential Family Member Terms

The system of family relationships in English has its own specifics, and using these terms correctly is important for accurate communication.

• Uncle /ˈʌŋ.kəl/ — your parent’s brother My uncle John always brings me souvenirs from his trips.
• Aunt /ænt/ — your parent’s sister I visit my aunt Mary every Sunday.
• Cousin /ˈkʌz.ən/ — the child of your aunt or uncle My cousins from London are coming to visit us next week.
• Nephew /ˈnef.juː/ — your brother’s or sister’s son My nephew is only five, but he already speaks two languages.
• Niece /niːs/ — your brother’s or sister’s daughter I bought a doll for my niece’s birthday.
• Grandson /ˈɡrænd.sʌn/ — your child’s son My grandson loves playing football.
• Granddaughter /ˈɡrænd.dɔː.tər/ — your child’s daughter My granddaughter is learning to play the piano.
• Grandchildren /ˈɡrænd.tʃɪl.drən/ — collective term for your children’s children They have five grandchildren who visit them during holidays.

Tip: Try creating your own family tree in English, labeling each family member with the appropriate term.

🎨 Adjectives for Describing Family Members

Adjectives are essential for detailed descriptions of your family members. They allow you to talk about the appearance, character, and qualities of your relatives, creating a vivid and accurate image in conversation.

Important to remember! In English, adjectives:

• Always come before the noun: a tall father
• Never change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun
• Often are used in combinations to create a complete description: a kind, tall grandfather

Common Adjectives for Describing Family Members:

Physical Appearance:

• Tall /tɔːl/ — of great height My tall brother can reach things from the top shelf.
• Big /bɪɡ/ — large in size My big sister is much taller than me.
• Small /smɔːl/ — little in size My small cousin is only three years old.
• Young /jʌŋ/ — in an early stage of life My young parents enjoy outdoor activities.
• Old /əʊld/ — having lived for many years; also used to indicate age How old is your grandmother?

Character and Personal Qualities:

• Friendly /ˈfrend.li/ — kind and pleasant My friendly cousin has many friends at school.
• Kind /kaɪnd/ — caring and generous My kind aunt always helps those in need.
• Rich /rɪtʃ/ — having a lot of money or valuable possessions My rich uncle lives in a beautiful mansion.
• Boring /ˈbɔː.rɪŋ/ — not interesting My boring uncle always tells the same stories.
• Interesting /ˈɪn.trə.stɪŋ/ — keeping one’s attention My grandfather is an interesting person with many stories to tell.

Health and Lifestyle:

• Healthy /ˈhel.θi/ — in good physical condition My healthy grandparents exercise every morning.
• Quick /kwɪk/ — moving or doing things with speed My brother is very quick at solving math problems.
• Bad /bæd/ — not good; unpleasant or harmful My sister has some bad habits like biting her nails.

📊 Why Is It Important to Use Adjectives Correctly When Describing Family Members?

Using adjectives correctly when describing family members will help you:

1. Express your thoughts more precisely about relatives when communicating with native speakers
2. Better understand descriptions of family relationships in books, films, and conversations
3. Enrich your vocabulary with relevant words used daily
4. Create more natural dialogues on family and personal relationship topics
5. Successfully pass English exams where exercises on this topic frequently appear

✏️ Test Your Knowledge: Family Terms and Adjectives Quiz

Apply your knowledge by taking our quiz with 16 questions about family members and adjectives.

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📝 Summary and Practical Tips

Mastering family terminology and adjectives will allow you to speak freely about your family in English, accurately describing each member. These basic language skills will form a solid foundation for further improvement of your English.

Practical tip: Try to describe each member of your family using at least three adjectives. For example: “My father is tall, kind, and hardworking.”

Useful exercises to reinforce learning:

• Describe your family using the vocabulary you’ve learned
• Create sentences about each member of your family using adjectives
• Make a family tree with English labels

Use this knowledge in your daily communication, and you’ll notice how quickly it becomes an integral part of your English vocabulary!

📚 Practical Lesson for All Levels

Welcome to our interactive English lesson! Today, we’ll focus on one of the most interesting topics – homophones and essential everyday vocabulary. This material is specially designed to help you better understand and use English in real life.

🌟 What’s Special About This Lesson?

English has many word twins that sound identical but have different meanings and spellings. These words are called homophones. For example:

• here (in this place) & hear (to perceive sound)
• steal (to take without permission) & steel (a strong metal)
• wear (to have clothing on) & where (in what place)

📝 Key Lesson Topics

1. Homophones and Their Features
   • Correct usage of similar-sounding words
   • Common mistakes and how to avoid them
   • Practical examples in context
2. Essential Vocabulary
   • Clothing and accessories (jacket, trousers, sweater)
   • Electronic devices (speakers, monitor)
   • Important verbs (teach, fight, throw)
   • Family relations and body parts

💡 Test Preparation

Before starting the test, consider these important points:

1. Context is Key
   • Always read the entire sentence
   • Pay attention to surrounding words
   • Think about the overall meaning
2. Test-Taking Strategy
   • Answer easy questions first
   • Use the elimination method
   • Trust your intuition but verify with logic
3. Types of Questions
   • Selecting the correct homophone
   • Completing sentences with appropriate words
   • Identifying the odd word out
   • Logical sequences

⭐ Ready to Test Your Knowledge?

Remember: This test’s purpose is not only to check your knowledge but also to help you better understand the material. Take your time, think logically, and success is guaranteed!

📖 Vocabulary Guide

Nouns:

• thieves [θiːvz] – people who steal things from others Example: Thieves broke into the house last night.
• hair [heə] – the strands growing from the head or body Example: She has beautiful long hair.
• coat [kəʊt] – an outer garment worn for warmth Example: This winter coat keeps me warm.
• wheat [wiːt] – a cereal grain used for making flour Example: Farmers grow wheat in their fields.
• speakers [ˈspiːkəz] – electronic devices that produce sound Example: These speakers have good sound quality.
• mouse [maʊs] – a device used to control a computer cursor Example: I need a new mouse for my computer.
• monitor [ˈmɒnɪtə] – a screen that displays computer output Example: The monitor displays clear images.
• case [keɪs] – the outer shell of a computer Example: The computer case is made of metal.
• ticket [ˈtɪkɪt] – a document giving permission to travel or enter Example: I bought a ticket for the concert.
• seat [siːt] – a place for sitting Example: Please take your seat.
• key [kiː] – a metal tool for opening locks Example: I lost my house key.
• passport [ˈpɑːspɔːt] – an official travel document Example: You need a passport to travel abroad.
• wallet [ˈwɒlɪt] – a small case for carrying money and cards Example: My wallet is in my pocket.
• stones [stəʊnz] – small pieces of rock Example: Children were throwing stones.

Family Members:

• son [sʌn] – a male child in relation to his parents Example: Their son is five years old.
• aunt [ɑːnt] – the sister of one’s parent Example: My aunt lives in London.
• daughter [ˈdɔːtə] – a female child in relation to her parents Example: Their daughter studies medicine.
• uncle [ˈʌŋkl] – the brother of one’s parent Example: My uncle is a doctor.
• nephew [ˈnefjuː] – the son of one’s brother or sister Example: His nephew is visiting next week.

Body Parts:

• arm [ɑːm] – the upper limb of the human body Example: She broke her arm.
• leg [leg] – the lower limb of the human body Example: The athlete injured his leg.
• head [hed] – the upper part of the body containing the brain Example: He hit his head.
• face [feɪs] – the front part of the head Example: She has a beautiful face.

Clothing and Accessories:

• sweater [ˈswetə] – a warm knitted top Example: This wool sweater is very warm.
• boots [buːts] – footwear that covers the foot and ankle Example: Winter boots keep feet warm.
• T-shirt [ˈtiːʃɜːt] – a casual short-sleeved cotton top Example: I bought a new T-shirt.
• jeans [dʒiːnz] – trousers made of denim Example: These jeans fit perfectly.
• hanger [ˈhæŋə] – a device for hanging clothes Example: Put your coat on the hanger.

Furniture:

• stool [stuːl] – a seat without a back or arms Example: Sit on this stool.
• mirror [ˈmɪrə] – a reflective surface for seeing oneself Example: Look in the mirror.
• door [dɔː] – an entrance to a room or building Example: Please close the door.

Verbs:

• steal [stiːl] – to take without permission Example: It’s wrong to steal.
• learn [lɜːn] – to gain knowledge or skills Example: I learn English every day.
• teach [tiːtʃ] – to give knowledge to others Example: She teaches mathematics.
• fight [faɪt] – to engage in conflict or struggle Example: Soldiers fight in wars.
• throw [θrəʊ] – to project something through the air Example: Don’t throw stones.
• freeze [friːz] – to become very cold and solid Example: Water freezes at 0°C.
• prefer [prɪˈfɜː] – to like something more than another Example: I prefer tea to coffee.

Homophones and Similar Words:

• here [hɪə] – in this place
• hear [hɪə] – to perceive sound
• heir [eə] – a person who inherits
• fair [feə] – just or reasonable
• fur [fɜː] – animal hair covering
• fare [feə] – money paid for travel
• fear [fɪə] – feeling of being afraid
• white [waɪt] – the color of snow
• weight [weɪt] – how heavy something is
• wait [weɪt] – to stay in place expecting something
• bare [beə] – uncovered or naked
• bar [bɑː] – a place serving drinks

Each word is accompanied by its pronunciation guide in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and a practical example to help you understand its usage in context.

Football is more than just a game; it’s a language of its own. Understanding football-specific vocabulary helps you follow matches better, communicate with fellow fans, and even comment on games in English. That’s why we have created this football vocabulary list along with a practical quiz, allowing you to reinforce your knowledge in practice. Learn essential football terms and test yourself.

Test Your Knowledge with the Football Vocabulary Quiz

Ласкаво просимо до Vocabulary Football Test

I play football for my local __?__ against other sides in the area.

group

team

side

squad

None

Of course, the __?__ aren’t paid, we’re just ____.

referees

friends

players

spectators

None

Of course, the ____ aren’t paid, we’re just __?__.

specialists

professionals

referees

amateurs

None

But anyway, we __?__ very hard in the evenings and we’re lucky because we can use the ____ of a local school.

train

try

coach

test

None

But anyway, we ____ very hard in the evenings and we’re lucky because we can use the __?__ of a local school.

theater

gymnasium

pool

court

None

On the day of the __?__, we arrive early, change, and put on ____ suits to keep warm. Then the ____, dressed in black, calls the two ____ to the centre to ____ a coin to decide who will play in which direction.

contest

team

play

match

None

On the day of the ____, we arrive early, change, and put on __?__ suits to keep warm. Then the ____, dressed in black, calls the two ____ to the centre to ____ a coin to decide who will play in which direction.

track

match

play

game

None

On the day of the ____, we arrive early, change, and put on ____ suits to keep warm. Then the __?__, dressed in black, calls the two ____ to the centre to ____ a coin to decide who will play in which direction.

trainer

player

referee

coach

None

On the day of the ____, we arrive early, change, and put on ____ suits to keep warm. Then the ____, dressed in black, calls the two __?__ to the centre to ____ a coin to decide who will play in which direction. Not many people come to watch the game.

trainers

captains

referees

coaches

None

On the day of the ____, we arrive early, change, and put on ____ suits to keep warm. Then the ____, dressed in black, calls the two ____ to the centre to __?__ a coin to decide who will play in which direction.

fling

give

toss

throw

None

Not many people come to watch the game. We usually have a(an) __?__ of only one or two hundred. But we enjoy it, whether we win, lose or ____.

audience

spectator

group

crowd

None

Not many people come to watch the game. We usually have a(an) ____ of only one or two hundred. But we enjoy it, whether we win, lose or __?__.

draw

tie

defeat

beat

None

Time's up

More about learning vocabulary about football in English in the article: Football / Soccer English Vocabulary in English

Explanation of Words from the Quiz

1. Team [tiːm] – A group of players playing together.
   • Our team won the championship.
2. Players [ˈpleɪərz] – People who play football.
   • The players trained hard before the match.
3. Amateurs [ˈæmətərz] – Players who do not earn money from playing.
   • He plays football as an amateur.
4. Train [treɪn] – To prepare for matches.
   • The team trains three times a week.
5. Gymnasium [dʒɪmˈneɪziəm] – A facility for training.
   • They train in the gymnasium when it rains.
6. Match [mætʃ] – A game between two teams.
   • The football match starts at 7 PM.
7. Referee [ˌrɛfəˈriː] – The person who enforces the rules.
   • The referee blew the whistle to start the game.
8. Goalkeeper [ˈɡoʊlˌkiːpər] – The player who defends the goal.
   • The goalkeeper made a fantastic save.
9. Defender [dɪˈfɛndər] – A player who protects the goal.
   • The defender blocked the shot.
10. Midfielder [ˈmɪdˌfiːldər] – A player who plays in the middle of the field.
    • The midfielder passed the ball forward.
11. Striker [ˈstraɪkər] – A player who attacks the opponent’s goal.
    • The striker scored two goals in the match.
12. Tackle [ˈtækəl] – An action to take the ball from an opponent.
    • The defender made a strong tackle.
13. Penalty [ˈpɛnəlti] – A free kick awarded for a foul in the penalty area.
    • The team was awarded a penalty kick.
14. Offside [ˈɔːfˌsaɪd] – A position where a player is ahead of the last defender.
    • The goal was disallowed due to offside.
15. Corner kick [ˈkɔːrnər kɪk] – A kick from the corner after the ball goes out off a defender.
    • The team won a corner kick.
16. Free kick [ˈfriː kɪk] – A kick after a foul.
    • The player took a free kick from outside the penalty area.
17. Substitution [ˌsʌbstɪˈtuːʃən] – Replacing one player with another.
    • The coach made a substitution in the second half.
18. Injury [ˈɪndʒəri] – A physical problem suffered by a player.
    • The player was taken off the field due to an injury.
19. Dribble [ˈdrɪbəl] – Moving the ball while running.
    • He showed great dribbling skills.
20. Goal [ɡoʊl] – When the ball crosses the goal line.
    • He scored the winning goal.
21. Hat-trick [ˈhætˌtrɪk] – Scoring three goals in one match.
    • The striker scored a hat-trick.
22. Own goal [oʊn ɡoʊl] – When a player scores in their own net.
    • The defender accidentally scored an own goal.
23. Extra time [ˈɛkstrə taɪm] – Additional minutes added in case of a draw.
    • The match went into extra time.
24. VAR (Video Assistant Referee) [ˈviː.eɪ.ɑːr] – A system for reviewing match decisions.
    • The referee checked the VAR before making a decision.
25. Yellow card [ˈjɛloʊ kɑːrd] – A warning for a foul or misconduct.
    • The player received a yellow card for the foul.
26. Red card [rɛd kɑːrd] – A card shown for serious fouls leading to dismissal.
    • The referee gave a red card for dangerous play.
27. Kick-off [kɪk ɔːf] – The start of the match.
    • The game began with a kick-off.
28. Throw-in [θroʊ ɪn] – A restart when the ball goes out of play on the sideline.
    • The player took a quick throw-in.
29. Goal difference [ɡoʊl ˈdɪfrəns] – The number of goals scored minus goals conceded.
    • The team qualified due to a better goal difference.
30. Man of the match [mæn ʌv ðə mætʃ] – The best-performing player in a match.
    • The striker was named man of the match after scoring twice.

In today’s globalized world, English has become an increasingly essential skill. This lesson covers important words and phrases used to describe weather, shopping experiences, and work-related conversations. These topics are fundamental for daily communication in English.

In the first part of our lesson, we’ll focus on weather-related vocabulary. The British are famous for their love of weather conversations, and it’s no wonder – the weather in the United Kingdom is quite changeable. It’s important to know how to properly describe various weather phenomena: from the north wind to bright sunshine and pouring rain.

The second part is dedicated to shopping. We’ll explore words and phrases that will help you navigate stores, supermarkets, and markets. You’ll learn how to properly ask about prices, request to try on clothes, and make payments.

The final part of our lesson covers vocabulary related to work and employment. This knowledge is particularly important for those planning to build a career in an English-speaking environment or participate in English job interviews.

Practice Your English Vocabulary

Below you’ll find a test that will help you evaluate your understanding of basic English words and vocabulary. The test consists of 20 questions covering all topics discussed in the lesson below. Each question has four possible answers, with only one being correct. Before starting the test, carefully read each question and all answer options. Take your time – it’s important not to just guess the correct answer but to understand why it is correct.

Comprehensive Dictionary of Terms and Expressions

Weather and Natural Phenomena

1. blow [bləʊ] Definition: To move or cause air to move with force Example 1: The wind blows from the north. Example 2: A strong wind was blowing all day.
2. shine [ʃaɪn] Definition: To emit or reflect light clearly and brightly Example 1: The sun shines brightly today. Example 2: The stars were shining in the night sky.
3. pour [pɔː] Definition: (of rain) To fall very heavily and steadily Example 1: It’s pouring outside! Example 2: It has been pouring all morning.
4. freeze [friːz] Definition: To become or cause to become hard or solid due to extreme cold Example 1: The lake freezes in winter. Example 2: Don’t forget your coat, it’s freezing outside.
5. cover [ˈkʌvə] Definition: To put or spread something over something else to protect or hide it Example 1: Snow covered the ground. Example 2: The sky was covered with dark clouds.

Shopping and Finance

1. spend [spend] Definition: To use money to pay for goods or services Example 1: I try not to spend too much money. Example 2: He spent all his savings on a new car.
2. buy [baɪ] Definition: To obtain something by paying money for it Example 1: I need to buy some groceries. Example 2: She bought a new dress yesterday.
3. sell [sel] Definition: To give something to someone else in exchange for money Example 1: They sell fresh fruit at this market. Example 2: The shop sells everything you need.
4. pay [peɪ] Definition: To give money in exchange for goods or services Example 1: Don’t forget to pay for your purchases. Example 2: I’ll pay by credit card.
5. cashier [kæˈʃɪə] Definition: A person who handles payments in a store or bank Example 1: The cashier gave me my change. Example 2: Please pay at the cashier.
6. shelf [ʃelf] Definition: A flat, horizontal surface used for storing or displaying items Example 1: The books are on the top shelf. Example 2: Put these items back on the shelf.
7. find [faɪnd] Definition: To discover or locate something after searching Example 1: I can’t find my wallet. Example 2: Where can I find the dairy products?
8. need [niːd] Definition: To require something because it is essential Example 1: I need some new clothes. Example 2: What do you need from the store?
9. money [ˈmʌni] Definition: A medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes Example 1: I need to save some money. Example 2: Do you have enough money?
10. cash [kæʃ] Definition: Money in the form of coins or notes rather than checks or credit cards Example 1: Do you accept cash? Example 2: I prefer to pay in cash.

Work and Career

1. qualifications [ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz] Definition: Official records of achievement awarded upon completion of courses or training Example 1: She has all the necessary qualifications for this job. Example 2: The position requires specific qualifications.
2. experience [ɪkˈspɪərɪəns] Definition: Knowledge or skill gained through practice and observation Example 1: Three years of work experience required. Example 2: She has extensive experience in marketing.
3. skills [skɪlz] Definition: Abilities and expertise learned and developed through training or practice Example 1: Good communication skills are essential. Example 2: What skills do you have?
4. interview [ˈɪntəvjuː] Definition: A formal meeting where someone is asked questions to assess their suitability for a job Example 1: I have a job interview tomorrow. Example 2: She passed the interview successfully.
5. salary [ˈsæləri] Definition: A fixed regular payment made by an employer, typically monthly Example 1: What’s the annual salary for this position? Example 2: They offer a competitive salary.
6. wages [weɪdʒɪz] Definition: Payment for work, typically paid on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis Example 1: The minimum wages have increased. Example 2: Workers receive their wages weekly.
7. job [dʒɒb] Definition: Regular work that someone does to earn money Example 1: I’m looking for a new job. Example 2: This is a full-time job.
8. duty [ˈdjuːti] Definition: A task or action that someone is required to perform as part of their job Example 1: What are your main duties? Example 2: It’s my duty to ensure everything works properly.

Additional Useful Words and Phrases

1. try on [traɪ ɒn] Definition: To put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits or looks good Example 1: Can I try on this jacket? Example 2: You should try these shoes on.
2. look for [lʊk fɔː] Definition: To search for something or attempt to find something Example 1: I’m looking for my glasses. Example 2: What are you looking for?
3. manager [ˈmænɪdʒə] Definition: A person responsible for controlling or administering a business or organization Example 1: Can I speak to the manager? Example 2: The manager will help you with your request.
4. customer [ˈkʌstəmə] Definition: A person who buys goods or services from a shop or business Example 1: The customer is always right. Example 2: We value our customers.

Useful Phrases for Different Situations

In Clothing Stores

Common phrases when shopping for clothes

• “Do you have this in a different size?” Used when looking for the same item in another size
• “Where are the fitting rooms?” When you need to try clothes on
• “Does this come in other colors?” Asking about color options for an item
• “Is this on sale?” Asking if there’s a discount on the item
• “Can I return it if it doesn’t fit?” Inquiring about the return policy
• “Do you have anything similar?” Looking for alternative options

At the Supermarket

Essential phrases for grocery shopping

• “Where can I find the dairy products?” Asking for directions to a specific section
• “Is this price for one item or the whole pack?” Clarifying the pricing
• “Do you accept credit cards?” Asking about payment methods
• “Where is the checkout?” Looking for where to pay
• “Do you have a loyalty card?” Asking about customer reward programs
• “Can I have a bag, please?” Requesting a shopping bag

During Job Interviews

Professional phrases for interview situations

• “Let me tell you about my previous experience.” Introducing your work history
• “What opportunities are there for career growth?” Asking about professional development
• “What are the main responsibilities of this position?” Clarifying job duties
• “Why did you choose our company?” Common interview question about company interest
• “Do you have any questions for me?” Standard end-of-interview question
• “What is the company culture like?” Asking about workplace environment

Discussing Weather

Common phrases for weather conversations

• “The weather forecast says it will rain later.” Sharing weather predictions
• “It’s getting warmer/colder.” Describing temperature changes
• “What beautiful sunshine!” Expressing appreciation of good weather
• “The wind is picking up.” Describing increasing wind
• “It looks like it might snow.” Predicting snow
• “It’s quite humid today.” Describing moisture in the air

At Restaurants/Cafes

Useful dining phrases

• “Could I see the menu, please?” Requesting to view food options
• “What’s today’s special?” Asking about featured dishes
• “Could I have the bill, please?” Requesting the check
• “Is service included?” Asking about gratuity
• “Do you take reservations?” Asking about booking a table
• “Can I pay by card?” Asking about payment methods

At Work

Professional workplace phrases

• “Could you help me with this task?” Requesting assistance
• “When is the deadline for this project?” Asking about time limits
• “I’ll send you an email about that.” Promising follow-up communication
• “Let’s schedule a meeting.” Suggesting a formal discussion
• “Do you have a minute to discuss something?” Requesting a brief conversation
• “I’ll get back to you on that.” Promising to follow up later

At the Bank

Banking-related phrases

• “I’d like to open an account.” Starting banking services
• “What’s the exchange rate?” Asking about currency conversion
• “Can I withdraw money here?” Asking about cash withdrawal
• “I’ve lost my credit card.” Reporting a lost card
• “What are the fees for international transfers?” Inquiring about transfer costs
• “Is there an ATM nearby?” Looking for cash machine location

General Polite Phrases

Universal courteous expressions

• “Could you please help me?” Politely requesting assistance
• “I’m sorry to bother you.” Polite interruption
• “Thank you very much for your help.” Expressing gratitude
• “Would you mind if…?” Asking permission politely
• “I really appreciate your assistance.” Showing gratitude for help
• “Could you repeat that, please?” Requesting clarification

Are you struggling with English prepositions? Let’s master them once and for all with clear explanations and practical examples that will stick in your mind forever.

🎯 Why Are Prepositions So Tricky?

Prepositions are one of the most challenging aspects of English because they often don’t follow logical patterns. Different languages use different prepositions for the same situations, which makes them particularly difficult for learners. But don’t worry – we’ve created a foolproof system to help you master them!

🎓 The Smart Way to Master Prepositions

IN = Inside or Within

Think of IN as being inside a container. If you can be surrounded by something, use IN:

• Months → in May
• Years → in 2024
• Seasons → in summer
• Countries/cities → in London
• Rooms/enclosed spaces → in the kitchen
• Parts of day → in the morning
• Liquids → in the water

💡 Pro Tip: If you can imagine being surrounded by something, use IN.

ON = Contact with a Surface

Think of ON as touching a surface. If something is in contact with or supported by a surface, use ON:

• Days of the week → on Monday
• Dates → on May 5th
• Surfaces → on the table
• Floors → on the first floor
• Transportation → on the bus
• Media → on TV, on the radio

💡 Pro Tip: If you can physically place something on top of something else, use ON.

AT = Specific Point

Think of AT as pointing to a specific location or time. If you’re targeting an exact point, use AT:

• Exact time → at 5 o’clock
• Specific places → at home, at work
• Events → at the party
• Age → at the age of 18
• Temperature → at zero degrees

💡 Pro Tip: If you can point to it on a map or clock, use AT.

🎮 Practice Makes Perfect

Level 1: Basic Prepositions

Fill in the gaps with IN, ON, or AT:

1. The meeting starts ___ 9 AM.
2. I was born ___ March.
3. She lives ___ Paris.
4. We met ___ the airport.
5. The cat is sleeping ___ the sofa.

Level 2: Common Mistakes

Spot and correct these common errors: ❌ “I’m in work” ✅ “I’m at work” (because work is a specific location)

❌ “The picture is at the wall” ✅ “The picture is on the wall” (because it touches the surface)

Level 3: Advanced Usage

Create sentences using prepositions with:

1. Time expressions
2. Places
3. Transportation
4. Events

🚀 Power Phrases for Real-Life Situations

At Work:

• “I’ll see you at the meeting”
• “The documents are in my desk”
• “The presentation is on the screen”

While Traveling:

• “We’re on the plane”
• “The hotel is in the city center”
• “Meet me at the station”

📝 Test Your Knowledge: Preposition Quiz with Answers

Time's up

🎉 Key Takeaways

Remember these three simple associations:

• IN = inside/within
• ON = surface contact
• AT = specific point

Practice these patterns daily, and you’ll find yourself using prepositions correctly without even thinking about it!

The ability to talk about your family in English is one of the fundamental and most important skills when learning a foreign language. In this article, we’ll explore all the necessary tools to create a good family narrative: useful vocabulary, a sample essay, and practical exercises to reinforce the material.

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Basic Family Vocabulary

Before we start composing a story about your family, let’s learn the essential words and terms we’ll need:

Family Members:

• family (a group of people who are related to each other)
• parents (mother and father together)
• mother/mom (female parent)
• father/dad (male parent)
• sister (female sibling)
• brother (male sibling)
• grandmother/grandma (mother’s or father’s mother)
• grandfather/grandpa (mother’s or father’s father)
• aunt (parent’s sister or uncle’s wife)
• uncle (parent’s brother or aunt’s husband)
• cousin (aunt’s or uncle’s child)

Adjectives to Describe Character:

• friendly (easy to get along with)
• kind (caring and generous)
• caring (showing concern for others)
• smart (intelligent, quick to learn)
• hard-working (putting a lot of effort into work)
• creative (good at making new things or having new ideas)
• funny (amusing, making people laugh)

📖 Sample Essay About Family

Here’s a short example to help you understand how to talk about your family:

“I have a wonderful family. My family consists of five people. I live with my parents, my younger sister, and my grandmother.

My father is a doctor. He works at the hospital and helps many people. He is very hard-working and caring.

My mother is a teacher. She teaches English at school. She is kind and patient.

My younger sister Anna is still a student. She is 15 years old. She loves drawing and dancing.

My grandmother lives with us. She is a great cook and tells wonderful stories.”

🔤 Useful Phrases and Expressions

Common phrases you can use when talking about your family:

• I live with… (use to describe who you share your home with)
• My family consists of… (use to describe how many people are in your family)
• I have a… family (use to describe what kind of family you have)
• We are very close (use to describe strong family relationships)
• We love spending time together (use to describe family activities)
• My parents are… (use to describe your parents)
• We live in… (use to describe where your family lives)

More phrases and vocabulary in the article: English Vocabulary: Family Members, Responsibilities, Traditions, Celebrations

📚 Grammar Structures

1. Using Present Simple for describing family facts:
   • My father works as a doctor
   • My sister studies at school
   • We live together
2. Using Possessive Adjectives:
   • my, his, her, our, their
   • This is my mother
   • Her name is Anna

Essay on the topic: My Family

Let me tell you about my wonderful family. I have quite a big family that consists of seven people. We all live together in a spacious two-story house in the suburbs of our city.

My parents are the backbone of our family. My father works as a software engineer at a large technology company. He is very hard-working and spends a lot of time creating innovative solutions for his clients. Despite his busy schedule, he always finds time to help me with my math homework and teach me programming.

My mother is a skilled pediatrician who works at the local children’s hospital. She is incredibly caring and patient with all her young patients. When she comes home, she always brings interesting stories about her day at work. She also loves cooking and often experiments with new recipes during weekends.

I have two siblings – an older brother and a younger sister. My brother Michael is 25 years old and he recently graduated from university with a degree in architecture. He is very creative and has already designed several beautiful buildings in our city. My sister Sarah is 12 years old and she is still in middle school. She loves drawing and dancing, and she attends art classes three times a week.

My grandparents also live with us. My grandmother is an excellent cook, and she makes the most delicious traditional dishes. She taught my mother most of her cooking skills. My grandfather is a retired history teacher, and he loves telling us fascinating stories about the past. We often gather in the living room after dinner to listen to his stories about historical events and figures.

We are a very close-knit family and enjoy spending time together. Every Sunday, we have a family tradition of having a big breakfast together where we share our plans and stories. During summer vacations, we like to travel together and explore new places. Last year, we visited three different countries and made wonderful memories.

What I love most about my family is how supportive we are of each other. Whether someone has a problem or is celebrating an achievement, we all come together to share both the difficult and happy moments. This strong bond makes our family special and unique.

✍️ Exercises: “My Family” Essay Practice

🎯 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer to complete each sentence based on the essay. These exercises will help you test your comprehension and remember key details about family descriptions.

What are Prepositions?

A preposition is an unchangeable part of speech that shows the relationship between a noun, pronoun, or gerund with other words in a sentence. In English, prepositions are always placed before the words they relate to.

For example:

• The book is on the table (shows location on a surface)
• She lives in London (shows location within a city)

Main Types of Prepositions

1. Prepositions of Place:

• in – used for enclosed spaces (in the room, in a box)
• on – used for surfaces (on the table, on the wall)
• at – used for specific points (at the door, at the station)
• under – used for lower position (under the bed, under the sky)
• above – used for higher position (above the clouds, above sea level)
• between – used for position in relation to two objects (between the trees)

2. Prepositions of Time:

• in
  • used with months: in January
  • used with seasons: in summer
  • used with years: in 2024
• on
  • used with days of the week: on Monday
  • used with dates: on May 5th
• at
  • used with clock times: at 5 o’clock
  • used with specific times: at noon, at midnight

3. Prepositions of Direction:

• to – indicating movement toward (go to school)
• from – indicating origin/starting point (from home)
• into – movement to the inside (go into the house)
• out of – movement from inside to outside (get out of the car)

Important Rules for Using Prepositions

1. Fixed Verb + Preposition Combinations:

• look at (to direct your eyes toward something)
• listen to (to pay attention to sound)
• wait for (to stay until something happens)
• depend on (to need something/someone for support)

2. Adjective + Preposition Combinations:

• good at (skilled in a particular activity)
• afraid of (feeling fear about something)
• interested in (wanting to know about something)
• ready for (prepared for something)

3. Noun + Preposition Combinations:

• reason for (explanation of something)
• solution to (answer to a problem)
• interest in (curiosity about something)

Common Mistakes in Preposition Usage

1. ❌ I arrived to home → ✅ I arrived at home (We arrive at specific destinations)
2. ❌ We waited since 2 hours → ✅ We waited for 2 hours (For is used with duration)
3. ❌ He is good in mathematics → ✅ He is good at mathematics (Skills use at)

Test Your Knowledge – Preposition Quiz

Test your understanding of prepositions. Pay special attention to:

• Correct usage of place prepositions
• Appropriate time prepositions
• Fixed prepositional phrases

Time's up

Practical Tips for Memorization

1. 📝 Create your own sentences with each new preposition
2. 🗣️ Learn prepositions within fixed phrases
3. 🎯 Notice prepositions while reading English texts
4. ✍️ Record new “verb + preposition” combinations

Essential Combinations to Remember

1. Time:

• at night (during nighttime)
• in the morning (during morning hours)
• on time (not late)

2. Place:

• at home (at one’s residence)
• in the city (within city limits)
• on the street (along the road)

3. Direction:

• go to work (movement toward workplace)
• come from school (movement from origin)
• walk across the street (movement from one side to another)